Banking Sector Reform Essay

From the 1991 India monetary emergency to its status of third biggest economy on the planet by 2011, India has developed altogether as far as financial turn of events. So has its financial segment. During this period, perceiving the developing needs of the segment, the Finance Ministry of Government of India (GOI) set up different boards of trustees with the undertaking of examining India’s banking part and prescribing enactment and guidelines to make it increasingly compelling, serious and efficient.[1] Two such master Committees were set up under the chairmanship of M. Narasimham. They presented their proposals during the 1990s in reports broadly known as the Narasimham Committee-I (1991) report and the Narasimham Committee-II (1998) Report. These proposals not just released the capability of banking in India, they are additionally perceived as a factor towards limiting the effect of worldwide monetary emergency beginning in 2007. Not at all like the communist majority rule period of the 1960s to 1980s, India is no longer protected from the worldwide economy but then its banks endure the 2008 money related emergency generally solid, an accomplishment due to a limited extent to theseNarasimham Committees.[2] Contents [hide] * 1 Background * 2 Recommendations of the Committee * 2.1 Autonomy in Banking * 2.2 Reform in the job of RBI * 2.3 Stronger financial framework * 2.4 Non-performing resources * 2.5 Capital ampleness and fixing of provisioning standards * 2.6 Entry of Foreign Banks * 3 Implementation of suggestions * 4 Criticism Foundation During the times of the 60s and the 70s, India nationalized the vast majority of its banks. This finished with the parity of installments emergency of the Indian economy where India needed to carrier gold toInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) to credit cash to meet its budgetary commitments. This occasion raised doubt about the past financial approaches of India and set off the period of monetary advancement in India in 1991. Given that rigidities and shortcomings had made genuine advances into the Indian financial framework by the late 1980s, the Government of India (GOI), post-emergency, found a way to rebuild the country’s money related framework. (Some case that these changes were impacted by the IMF and the World Bank as a feature of their advance restriction to India in 1991).[3] The financial area, taking care of 80% of the progression of cash in the economy, required genuine changes to make it universally legitimate, quicken the pace of changes and form it into a helpful attendant of an effective, lively and serious economy by sufficiently supporting the country’s money related needs.[4] In the light of these prerequisites, two master Committees were set up in 1990s under the chairmanship of M. Narasimham (an ex-RBI (Reserve Bank of India) senator) which are generally credited for initiating the monetary division change in India.[3] The first Narasimhan (Committee on the Financial System †CFS) was named by Manmohan Singh as India’s Finance Minister on 14 August 1991,[1][5] and the subsequent one (Committee on Banking Sector Reforms)[6] was named by P.Chidambaram[7] as Finance Minister in December 1997.[8] Subsequently, the first broadly came to be known as the Narasimham Committee-I (1991)and the second one as Narasimham-II Committee(1998).[9][10] This article is about the suggestions of the Second Narasimham Committee, the Committee on Banking Sector Reforms. The motivation behind the Narasimham-I Committee was to concentrate all angles identifying with the structure, association, capacities and strategies of the budgetary frameworks and to suggest enhancements in their effectiveness and profitability. The Committee presented its report to the Finance Minister in November 1991 which was postponed in Parliament on 17 December 1991.[6] The Narasimham-II Committee was entrusted with the advancement survey of the execution of the financial changes since 1992 with the point of further reinforcing the monetary foundations of India.[4]It focussed on issues like size of banks and capital ampleness proportion among other things.[9] M. Narasimham, Chairman, presented the report of the Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (Committee-II) to the Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha in April 1998.[4][9] Suggestions of the Committee The 1998 report of the Committee to the GOI made the accompanying significant suggestions: Self-sufficiency in Banking More noteworthy self-governance was proposed for the open segment banks with the end goal for them to work with proportionate demonstrable skill as their worldwide counterparts.[11] For this the board suggested that enlistment strategies, preparing and compensation approaches of open area banks be aligned with the best-advertise practices of expert bank management.[4][6] Secondly, the advisory group suggested GOI value in nationalized banks be diminished to 33% for expanded autonomy.[4][12][13] It additionally suggested the RBI give up its seats on the top managerial staff of these banks. The council further included that given that the administration chosen people to the leading body of banks are frequently individuals from parliament, government officials, administrators, and so forth., they regularly meddle in the everyday activities of the bank as the command lending.[4] As such the council suggested an audit of elements of banks sheets so as to make them answerable for improving investor esteem through detailing of corporate technique and decrease of government equity.[11] To actualize this, models for self-ruling status was distinguished by March 1999 (among other execution measures) and 17 banks were viewed as qualified for autonomy.[14] But a few proposals like decrease in Government’s value to 33%,[13][15] the issue of more prominent polished methodology and freedom of the top managerial staff of open part banks is as yet anticipating Government finish and implementation.[16] Change in the job of RBI To start with, the panel suggested that the RBI pull back from the 91-day treasury charges showcase and that interbank call cash and term currency markets be limited to banks and essential dealers.[6][14] Second, the Committee proposed an isolation of the jobs of RBI as a controller of banks and proprietor of bank.[17] It saw that â€Å"The Reserve Bank as a controller of the money related framework ought not be the proprietor of a bank taking into account a potential clash of interest†. In that capacity, it featured that RBI’s job of compelling oversight was not satisfactory and needed it to strip its possessions in banks and money related establishments. Compliant with the suggestions, the RBI presented a Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) worked through repo and converse repos so as to set a passageway for currency showcase loan costs. Regardless, in April 1999, an Interim Liquidity Adjustment Facility (ILAF) was presented pending further upgradation in innovation and legitimate/procedural changes to encourage electronic transfer.[18]As for the subsequent suggestion, the RBI chose to move its particular shareholdings of open banks like State Bank of India (SBI), National Housing Bank (NHB) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to GOI. Accordingly, in 2007-08, GOI chose to secure whole stake of RBI in SBI, NHB and NABARD. Of these, the terms of offer for SBI were settled in 2007-08 itself.[19] More grounded financial framework The Committee suggested for merger of enormous Indian banks to make them sufficient for supporting worldwide trade.[11] It suggested a three level financial structure in India through foundation of three huge keeps money with universal nearness, eight to ten national banks and countless provincial and nearby banks.[4][9][11] This proposition had been seriously scrutinized by the RBI workers union.[20] The Committee prescribed the utilization of mergers to construct the size and quality of activities for each bank.[12] However, it forewarned that huge banks ought to combine just with banks of identical size and not with more vulnerable banks, which ought to be shut down if incapable to revive themselves.[6] Given the huge level of non-performing resources for more vulnerable banks, some as high as 20% of their absolute resources, the idea of â€Å"narrow banking† was proposed to aid their rehabilitation.[11] There were a series of mergers in banks of India during the late 90s a nd mid 2000s, empowered firmly by the Government of India|GOI in accordance with the Committee’s recommendations.[21]However, the suggested level of solidification is as yet anticipating adequate government impetus.[16] Non-performing resources Non-performing resources had been the single biggest reason for disturbance of the financial area of India.[4] Earlier the Narasimham Committee-I had extensively presumed that the primary purpose behind the decreased productivity of the business banks in India was the need division loaning. The advisory group had featured that ‘priority segment lending’ was prompting the development of non-performing resources of the banks and in this manner it prescribed it to be staged out.[10] Subsequently, the Narasimham Committee-II additionally featured the requirement for ‘zero’ non-performing resources for every single Indian manage an account with International presence.[10] The 1998 report additionally accused poor credit choices, command loaning and patterned monetary variables among different explanations behind the development of the non-performing resources of these banks to awkwardly significant levels. The Committee suggested making of Asset Reconstruction Funds or Asset Reconstruction Companies to assume control over the awful obligations of banks, permitting them to begin a clean-slate.[4][22][23] The choice of recapitalization through budgetary arrangements was precluded. By and large the board needed a legitimate framework to distinguish and group NPAs,[6] NPAs to be brought down to 3% by 2002[4] and for a free credit audit meachnism for improved administration of advance portfolios.[6] The committee’s suggestions let to presentation of another enactment which was subse

Biography of Atlanta Mass Murderer Mark Orrin Barton

Account of Atlanta Mass Murderer Mark Orrin Barton Known as being one the biggest mass killers in Atlantas history, informal investor Mark Barton, 44, went on an executing binge on July 29, 1999, at two Atlanta-based exchanging firms: All-Tech Investment Group and Momentum Securities. Agitated with seven weeks of huge misfortunes in day exchanging, which had carried him to money related ruin, Bartons killing binge brought about 12 individuals killed and 13 harmed at the two organizations. After a daylong manhunt and encompassed by police, Barton ended it all by shooting himself at an Acworth, Georgia, service station when his catch got up and coming. The Killing Spree At around 2:30 p.m. on July 29, 1999, Barton entered Momentum Securities. He was a natural face around there and simply like some other day, he started talking with a day or two ago merchants about the securities exchange. Dow Jones was indicating an emotional drop of around 200 focuses adding to seven days of baffling numbers. Grinning, Barton went to the gathering and stated, Its an awful exchanging day, and its going to deteriorate. He at that point took out two handguns, a 9mm Glock and a .45 bore Colt, and started discharging. He lethally shot four individuals and harmed a few others. He at that point went over the road to All-Tec and started shooting, leaving five dead. As per reports, Barton had lost an expected $105,000 in around seven weeks. More Murders After the shooting, agents went to Bartons home and found the assortments of his subsequent spouse, Leigh Ann Vandiver Barton, and Bartons two youngsters, Matthew David Barton, 12, and Mychelle Elizabeth Barton, 10. As indicated by one of the four letters left by Barton, Leigh Ann was killed the evening of July 27, and the youngsters were killed on July 28, the night prior to the shooting binge at the exchanging firms. In one of the letters, he composed that he didn't need his kids to endure without having a mother or father and that his child was at that point giving indications of the feelings of dread that he had endured with for an amazing duration. Barton additionally composed that he murdered Leigh Ann on the grounds that she was halfway to fault for his end. He at that point proceeded to portray the strategy he used to execute his family. There was little agony. Every one of them were dead in under five minutes. I hit them with the sledge in their rest and afterward put them face-down in the bath to ensure they didn't wake up in torment, to ensure they were dead. The body of his better half was found under a cover in a wardrobe and the childrens bodies were found in their bed. Prime Suspect in Another Murder As the examination concerning Barton proceeded, it was uncovered that he had been the prime suspect in the 1993 homicides of his first spouse and her mom. Debra Spivey Barton, 36, and her mom, Eloise, 59, both of Lithia Springs, Georgia, went outdoors on Labor Day weekend. Their bodies were found inside their camper van. They had been beat to death with a sharp article. There was no indication of constrained passage and albeit some gems was missing, different resources and cash had been abandoned, driving specialists to put Barton on the rundown of suspects. A Lifetime of Trouble Imprint Barton appeared to settle on terrible choices the greater part of his life. In secondary school, he demonstrated incredible scholastic potential in math and science, however fired utilizing drugs and wound up in emergency clinics and restoration focuses subsequent to overdosing a few times. Notwithstanding his medication foundation, he got into Clemson University and, in his first year, he was captured and accused of robbery. He was set waiting on the post trial process, yet that didn't dissuade his medication use and he wound up leaving Clemson subsequent to enduring a breakdown. Barton then figured out how to get into the University of South Carolina, where he earned a degree in science in 1979. His life appeared to level out some after school, in spite of the fact that his medication utilize proceeded. He wedded Debra Spivey and in 1998 their first youngster, Matthew, was conceived. Bartons next brush with the law occurred in Arkansas, where the family had migrated to because of his work. There he started to give indications of serious neurosis and frequently blamed Debra for disloyalty. As time went on, he turned out to be progressively controlling over Debras exercises and displayed weird conduct at work. In 1990 he was terminated. Irate by the terminating, Barton fought back by breaking into the organization and downloading touchy records and mystery synthetic recipes. He was captured and accused of crime robbery however received in return in the wake of consenting to a settlement with the organization. The family moved back to Georgia where Barton found another line of work in deals at a substance organization. His relationship with Debra kept on falling apart and he started taking part in an extramarital entanglements with Leigh Ann (later to turn into his subsequent spouse), who he had met through his work. In 1991, Mychelle was conceived. Notwithstanding the introduction of another youngster, Barton kept seeing Leigh Ann. The issue was no mystery to Debra, who, for obscure reasons, chose not to stand up to Barton. After eighteen months, Debra and her mom were discovered dead. Murder Investigation From the beginning, Barton was the prime suspect in the killings of his better half and relative. The police scholarly of his issue with Leigh Ann and that he had taken out a $600,000 disaster protection strategy on Debra. Notwithstanding, Leigh Ann told the police that Barton was with her over Labor Day weekend, which left agents without proof and a great deal of theory. Incapable to accuse Barton of the killings, the case was left unsolved, yet the examination was rarely shut. Because of the killings being unsolved, the insurance agency wouldn't pay Barton, yet later lost a claim Barton documented and he wound up getting the $600,000. Fresh starts, Old Habits It was not long after the homicides that Leigh Ann and Barton moved in together and in 1995 the couple wedded. Notwithstanding, much the same as what occurred with Debra, Barton before long started giving indications of distrustfulness and doubt towards Leigh Ann. He additionally started losing cash as an informal investor, huge cash. The budgetary weights and Bartons neurosis negatively affected the marriage and Leigh Ann, alongside the two kids, left and moved into a loft. Later the two accommodated and Barton rejoined the family. Inside months of the compromise, Leigh Ann and the kids would be dead. Cautioning Signs From interviews with the individuals who knew Barton, there were no conspicuous signs that he was going to flip out, murder his family, and go on a shooting binge. Be that as it may, he had earned the moniker Rocket at work as a result of his touchy conduct while day exchanging. This sort of conduct was not too strange among this gathering of brokers. It is a quick, high-chance game, where increases and misfortunes can happen rapidly. Barton didn't speak much about his own existence with his kindred informal investors, however a significant number of them knew about his money related loses. All-Tech had quit permitting him to exchange until he put cash in his record to cover his misfortunes. Incapable to think of the cash, he went to other informal investors for advances. Yet at the same time, none of them had any thought that Barton was harboring disdain and going to detonate. Witnesses later advised police that Barton appeared to deliberately search out and shoot a portion of the individuals who had advanced him cash. In one of the four letters he left in his home, he expounded on detesting this life and having no expectation and being scared each time he woke up. He said that he didn't hope to live any longer, sufficiently long to murder the same number of the individuals that avariciously looked for my decimation. He likewise denied executing his first spouse and her mom, in spite of the fact that he conceded that there were likenesses between how they were slaughtered and how he murdered his present wife and youngsters. He finished the letter with, You should execute me in the event that you can. As it turned out, he dealt with that himself, however not before completion the lives of numerous others.

Saint Joan of Arc Essay -- European History France England War Essays

Holy person Joan of Arc Joan of Arc carried on with a remarkable life and achieved mind blowing accomplishments during, her concise lifetime. Joan is in her very own class. As a young lady at a foolishly youthful age and with no military information, she persuades the Dauphin of France that she is a dispatcher from god and helps lead the nearly lessened French armed force drive the English away from French soil. Her wonderful hyper vision to anticipate future occasions and for things to fall mystically set up at any rate toward the start of her profession, propels one to have confidence in her pious forces or in her association with a higher being. Joan of Arc was conceived at Doremy in Champagne on January 6, 1412. Witnesses guarantee that the chickens of the town hailed her introduction to the world by crowing some time before sunrise. She was destined to a well off rancher, Jacques Darc, and his significant other, Isabelle. Joan never figured out how to peruse or compose yet was extremely talented in turning and sewing. Residents viewed her as a devout kid, and numerous regularly observed her stooping in chapel, ingested in supplication. At 12 years old she originally got aware of her ‘voices.’ at the outset it appeared that it was essentially a voice that would advise her to â€Å"Be great and go to church† (Pernoud 19). Before long the voices would be joined by a light, and she recognized them independently as being St. Catherine, St. Margaret, and St. Michael. The voices got unshakable, frequently revealing to her a few times each week that she ought to go to France and present herself to Robert Baudri court who directed for Charles VII in the neighboring town of Vaucouleurs. After a month she made a trip with her uncle to see Baudricourt, however with little achievement, as he disclosed to her uncle to â€Å"Take her home to her dad and give her a decent whipping† (Pernoud 50). Joan... ... additional amazing, her capacity to carry France to triumph during the skirmish of Orleans where the French were totally encircled and rout was practically sure. Her capacity to deliver ponders in a steady progression makes one hard squeezed not to have faith in her piety. Joan is a holy person and her activities must be classified as marvels. Joan’s life is surprising by any measure, in any event, when one isolates the reality from fiction. Book reference Creeks, Polly Schoyer Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1999. Pernoud, Regine. Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses. New York: Scarborough House, 1994. Value, Patrick. JoanNet 2004. Feb 2004. http://maidjoan.tripod.com Shaw, Benard. Holy person Joan. Britain: Penguin Books, 1924. Williamson, Allen. Joan of Arc Online Archive 2003. Feb 2004. http://archive.joan-of-arc.org

Whole Foods: a Whole-Istic Strategy

1. Characterize Whole foods’ â€Å"product†. How can it convey an incentive to clients? The Whole Foods Market chain was the principal retailer in the United States offering items to its clients that are regular (developed without being treated with development hormones or anti-infection agents) and ’certified organic’. The result of Whole Foods are natural, common and gourmet nourishments, considering the earth as a significant factor, and creation of the earth the primary goal. hey’re not an organization selling modest items but rather they’re an organization offering quality and wellbeing to their clients. They’re not offering significance to businnes, yet to quality and fulfill their clients. Entire nourishments isn't just dealing with their clients yet in addition of the earth and of our oplanet. Entire nourishments convey an incentive to their clients by selling the greatest characteristic and natural items accessible, fulfilling and charming their clients, supporting colleague joy and greatness, making riches through benefits and development, thinking about networks and the earth, making continuous win-win associations with their providers and advancing the soundness of their partners through good dieting instruction. 2. Natural food are getting extremely famous. Numerous chains, including Wal-Mart, have started offering and expading their choice of organics. Does this represent a serious danger to Whole Foods? Wal-Mart speak to a major risk to the Whole Foods stores, since it is beginning to offer natural items at lower costs and if purchasers begin to see this in Wal-shop they’re going to begin purchasing in there, yet now in the USA all Products sold as â€Å"Organic† should now meet the prerequisites of the USDA Organic Rule, and each item most under a number show how natural is their item, that could be a bit of leeway for Whole Foods since it can show that the quality meet the costs that they have, and for Wal-Mart could be somewhat hard to have such quality item at such a low cost. . As for Whole Foods’ focusing on and situating methodologies, what difficulties will the organization face later on as it keeps on developing and grow? As it develops and extend it’s hard to the market of natural food to keep these interest the extent that it has Whole-Foods, it is additionally extremely hard to fulfill the desires for all the clients utilizing such a great lev el in every one of the items. For excellent items it is improtant to takle care of each thing that comes out to the market, and it is so costly for Whole Foods to do that so it will decrease quality. It is likewise critical to realize that Whole Foods salaries are smoothing and net gain is falling. Furthermore, this is all going to make an obligation for Whole nourishments and making such costly items, they most slice expenses to make the organization increasingly proffitable. 4. In certain spots, Whole Foods is regularly known as â€Å"Whole Paycheck† While the firm has plainly situated itself away from estimating issues, would it be able to stay away from this component of the advertising blend until the end of time? Why or why not? It can stay away from them by giving lower costs to their clients, yet it’s troublesome on the grounds that they’re offering natural quality items, which in nations like the United States are over the top expensive to manage. It is extremely hard to defeat this circumstance however Whole Foods is doing admirably by offering more limits, expanding lower-evaluated store brands, promoting items they sell at a decent worth and arranging financial plan centered store visits. This could be a significant move for Whole Foods to make another picture of their market. . What different patterns later on for retailing do you think will affect Whole Foods? The economy have it cycles however in the other hand it gives a few patterns like it’s individuals dealing with their wellbeing, there is many individuals with their mindfulness and their awareness and how way of life assumes into the job of wellbeing. There’s a million of individuals acknowledging they need essentia lness in their lives. Furthermore, these are large patterns. These are shifts that individuals are not going to return from.

How to Find Sample of Essay Papers in APA

How to Find Sample of Essay Papers in APAThere are so many samples of essay papers in APA that you can easily find out which one will be the best for you. The only way to do this is to have a clear understanding about what you should write. That means that you need to first decide on what subject you want to write about. This is important because you need to have your own agenda when writing the paper and should also know what kind of information you want to present.An easy way to make this key decision is to consult an adviser. Such advisers are usually regular participants in seminars or workshops where they help you determine your topic. Once you have already made this decision, you are now free to look for samples of essay papers in APA in order to get ideas. This way, you can easily focus on what is best for you and what you want to write about.Though there are many useful resources on the Internet, you must also go to the official website of the American Psychological Associati on in order to get the latest and most current information. This will also give you the chance to read about the topics that are generally taught in the seminars and workshops. This will help you determine what to write about based on the information found on the official website. After all, the number one priority is your own learning and development. It is always wise to read as much as you can so that you can better understand what to write about and how to write it.Once you know the current theme that you are going to write about, you should also have a clear idea about the style of writing that you should use. This is because your goal is to write in a way that will attract attention and compel others to learn more about you. Once you have come up with a solid plan, you will find it easy to focus on what needs to be written about.As mentioned earlier, there are so many samples of essay papers in APA that you can easily find. You just need to know where to look. Most writers and professors who conduct workshops and seminars usually provide them. In fact, these workshops can easily be found online, and if not, then you can also ask your teacher or tutor where to find one.As mentioned earlier, there are so many samples of essay papers in APA that you can easily find online. All you need to do is to go to some forums or chat rooms on the Internet. You can also read some topics in books or magazines. However, you must also take note that writing should always be personal and professional at the same time.If you are not good in writing, then you must keep this in mind and try to research about this first. You need to focus on what you are going to write first and try to search for a topic. Then once you have decided on what to write about, you can now start writing and reviewing your work. You have to keep in mind that personal feelings and emotions should never come into play when writing essays.Because of the very high rate of reading these samples of essay p apers in APA, most people find them to be of great help. Since so many of us are trying to study and gain more knowledge, these tools can be very helpful. Many teachers and tutors have also been using them in order to gain more knowledge.

Musical Motifs - Literature Essay Samples

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a deceptively simple play. The simplicity of the play, however, quickly dissolves into a respectful ambiguity through Millers ingenious stage directions, nonverbal expressions and, most importantly, his musical design. From the opening notes to their final reprise, the audience is enormously attracted by what Tennessee Williams called the plastic theatre (Williams 213). The use of musical expression complements the textual version of the play creating a more lucid production. This willingness that Miller has to open up his theatre to more than merely a language-embedded performance allowed him to create a lyric drama, a more poetic theatre through the melodic themes. The musical motifs assume important roles in the production, roles accentuating the conflicts that the Lomans articulate to the audience through language. They foreground, through metaphor, many of the plays deeper ambiguities and discords.Millers musical themes express the com peting influences in Willy Lomans mind. Once established, the themes need only to be sounded to evoke certain time frames, emotions, and values. The first sounds of the drama, the flute notes small and fine, represent the grass, trees and horizon. These are objects of Willys and Biffs longing that are tellingly absent from the overshadowed home on which the curtain rises. This melody plays on as Willy makes his initial appearance, although, as Miller tells us, he hears but is not aware of it (1165). Through this melodious music we are thus given our first sense of Willys estrangement not only from the nature itself but also from his own deep nature that confuses happiness with success.The flute music also holds important past references for Willy. Ben informs Willy that their father made flutes and sold them during the familys early wanderings (1185). As Ben enters into their fathers biography a new music is heard, introducing an additional musical theme as the father is char acterized by a high, rollicking tune (1184). The tune is differentiated from the small and fine melody of the natural landscape (1165). This distinction is fitting, for the father is a salesman as well as an explorer. The rollicking musical theme that is heard in reference to his name collides with the tender music that he is remembered for. This represents the conflicting values that he possessed and passed on to those around him, thus giving evidence to Willys adverse correlation between happiness and success.The fathers tune shares a familiar likeness to Bens idyllic (1182) music. This theme presents itself falsely, as it is associated in depressing and discouraging contexts. Bens theme is first sounded after Willy expresses his exhaustion from his pursuit to succeed (1182). Then it is perceived again after Willy is fired in Act II. This time the music precedes Bens entrance. It is heard in the distance, then closer, just as Willys thoughts of suicide, once repressed, no w come closer at the loss of his job. When Bens idyllic melody plays for the third and final time it is in accents of dread (1228), for Ben reinforces Willys wrongheaded thought of suicide to help finance and support Biff and the family. This idea of selling out relates to the abandonment that Willys father portrayed since Willy can not remember much about him. The fathers and Bens themes contribute greatly to Willys disillusionment about life. They are thus in opposition to the small and fine theme of nature that begins and ends the play. The whistling motif elaborates this essential conflict. Most people envision whistling to be an outdoor activity that accompanies work. A whistler in an office would be a distraction. Biff Loman is fond of whistling, thus reinforcing his ties to nature rather than the business environment. Happy seeks to stifle Biffs true voice:Happy: Bob Harrison said you were tops, and then you go and do some damn fool thing like whistling whole sounds i n the elevator like a comedian.Biff (against Happy): So what? I like to whistle sometimes.Happy: You dont raise a guy to a responsible job who whistles in elevators! (60)Happy holds many of the similar values that his father does, as he believes that success and acceptance are the roots to happiness. He attempts to explain to Biff that to succeed, and thus gain happiness, he must not forfeit his desires. This corresponds to Willys estrangement from nature to gain successfulness.Later in Act 2 the whistling theme reverberates again as Howard Wagner plays Willy a recording of himself whistling Roll out the Barrel just before Willy asks for an advance and a New York job (1198). Willys uneasiness with the recorder that plays the whistling reiterates the concept of Willys estrangement and more importantly his blindness to the truth. Being that Howard is a very prosperous man and is the person whistling on the recorder, disproves Willy and Happys idea that whistling is disapproved by business authorities. In a sense, Howard is showing Willy that happiness does not lie in ones success but rather with his connection with nature and finding himself.Willys conflicting desires to work in sales and to do outdoor, independent work are complicated by another longing, that of sexual desire, which is expressed through the raw, sensuous music that accompanies The Womans appearances on stage (1179, 1215). It is this music of sexual desire that insinuates itself in Act 2. It is also heard just before Willy, reliving a past conversation, offers this ironic warning to Biff, Just wanna be careful with those girls, Biff, thats all. Dont make any promises. No promises of any kind (1174).This raw theme of sexual desire contrasts with Linda Lomans musical motif. She is characterized by a maternal hum of a soft lullaby. This comforting music becomes a desperate but monotonous hum at the end of Act I (1195). Lindas monotonous drone, in turn, contrasts with the gray and bright music, the boys theme, which opens Act II. This theme is associated with the great times (1195) that Willy remembers with his sons before his adultery is discovered. Like the high, rollicking theme of Willys father and like Bens idyllic melody, this gay and bright music is ultimately associated with the false dream of materialistic success. The boys theme is first heard when Willy tells Ben that he and the boys will get rich in Brooklyn (1185). It sounds again when Willy implores Ben, How do we get back to all the great times? (1218).In his final moments of life, Willy Loman is shown struggling with his furies, sounds, faces, voices, seem to be swarming in upon him (1229). Suddenly, however, the faint and high music enters, representing the false dreams of all the low men. This false tune ends Willys struggle with his competing voices. It drowns out the other voices, rising in intensity almost to an unbearable scream as Willy rushes off in his car. As the car rushes off, th e music crashes down in a frenzy of sound. The clamorous music softens as it becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello representing death and the end of Willy Lomans struggle for success. The play ends in the form of the flutes small and fine refrain. It persists despite the tragedy we have witnessed insinuating that nature and following ones true self is the foundation of happiness.From page to stage, Arthur Miller meticulously structures Death of a Salesman upon a cluster of regressive musical images, images that correspond directly to Willy Lomans fall. Without paying much attention the music in the play help the audience experience the mood that each character adds. Upon further examination, the sounds contribute to the musical motifs that underlie and support the overall theme that Miller is addressing. From the conflicting nature of the flute to the controversy of whistling, Miller magically addresses the disillusionment of the American dream through Willy Loman.Barne t, Berman, Burto, and William E. Cain. Death of a Salesman. An Introduction to Literature. New York: 1997.Williams, Tennessee. Production Notes of Plays, The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, vol. I. New York: New Directions, 1971.

Napoleon And The French Revolution - 1023 Words

Haley Gilmore Reese HI 102 B 20 April 2015 Napoleon and the French Revolution From 1789 to 1799, France saw its bloodiest and most violent time in its history. The people of France were fed up with the living conditions of their society and the requirements that their government continued to pile onto them. An unsatisfied society, more often than not, will lead a revolt of some kind, at some point. This period in history saw rise to power the infamous Napoleon Bonaparte, with his many trials and tribulations. Napoleon Bonaparte and his controlling and overpowering tactics both advanced the ideals of the French Revolution. Many events occurred in this time that forever altered the very fabric of French existence. In May of 1789,†¦show more content†¦They made a tennis court on the grounds their meeting place. On the grounds, they pledged what is today called, ironically, the Tennis Court oath, a promise to one another and the people of France that they would not leave until they had written a new constitution. T his new constitution was instituted in 1795 and caused nothing but problems. The government was overrun with corruption and deceit, something that Napoleon Bonaparte saw and wanted to change when he threw the people in charge out of power. The new society that he created was, â€Å"based on the belief in the common identity of French citizens whatever their social or geographic origin.†(McPhee, 64) This went along very well with the changing ideals of the time. The overthrow set into motion a series of changes in this time period that forever changed the dynamic of French society. France was a difficult place to live if you were member of the lower class in this century. It is a lot easier to focus on the political and ideological events that were occurring. The people of France at this time were being severely over taxed, and were well aware of the unfairness of this. On top of this excessive taxation, the French public was saddled with dealing with low wages and high food prices. All of these factors and more were recipe for discontent. Peasants around the country began rioting. Paris saw some of the worst of this, with the violence felt all around the city. The Parisian