Musical Motifs - Literature Essay Samples

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a deceptively simple play. The simplicity of the play, however, quickly dissolves into a respectful ambiguity through Millers ingenious stage directions, nonverbal expressions and, most importantly, his musical design. From the opening notes to their final reprise, the audience is enormously attracted by what Tennessee Williams called the plastic theatre (Williams 213). The use of musical expression complements the textual version of the play creating a more lucid production. This willingness that Miller has to open up his theatre to more than merely a language-embedded performance allowed him to create a lyric drama, a more poetic theatre through the melodic themes. The musical motifs assume important roles in the production, roles accentuating the conflicts that the Lomans articulate to the audience through language. They foreground, through metaphor, many of the plays deeper ambiguities and discords.Millers musical themes express the com peting influences in Willy Lomans mind. Once established, the themes need only to be sounded to evoke certain time frames, emotions, and values. The first sounds of the drama, the flute notes small and fine, represent the grass, trees and horizon. These are objects of Willys and Biffs longing that are tellingly absent from the overshadowed home on which the curtain rises. This melody plays on as Willy makes his initial appearance, although, as Miller tells us, he hears but is not aware of it (1165). Through this melodious music we are thus given our first sense of Willys estrangement not only from the nature itself but also from his own deep nature that confuses happiness with success.The flute music also holds important past references for Willy. Ben informs Willy that their father made flutes and sold them during the familys early wanderings (1185). As Ben enters into their fathers biography a new music is heard, introducing an additional musical theme as the father is char acterized by a high, rollicking tune (1184). The tune is differentiated from the small and fine melody of the natural landscape (1165). This distinction is fitting, for the father is a salesman as well as an explorer. The rollicking musical theme that is heard in reference to his name collides with the tender music that he is remembered for. This represents the conflicting values that he possessed and passed on to those around him, thus giving evidence to Willys adverse correlation between happiness and success.The fathers tune shares a familiar likeness to Bens idyllic (1182) music. This theme presents itself falsely, as it is associated in depressing and discouraging contexts. Bens theme is first sounded after Willy expresses his exhaustion from his pursuit to succeed (1182). Then it is perceived again after Willy is fired in Act II. This time the music precedes Bens entrance. It is heard in the distance, then closer, just as Willys thoughts of suicide, once repressed, no w come closer at the loss of his job. When Bens idyllic melody plays for the third and final time it is in accents of dread (1228), for Ben reinforces Willys wrongheaded thought of suicide to help finance and support Biff and the family. This idea of selling out relates to the abandonment that Willys father portrayed since Willy can not remember much about him. The fathers and Bens themes contribute greatly to Willys disillusionment about life. They are thus in opposition to the small and fine theme of nature that begins and ends the play. The whistling motif elaborates this essential conflict. Most people envision whistling to be an outdoor activity that accompanies work. A whistler in an office would be a distraction. Biff Loman is fond of whistling, thus reinforcing his ties to nature rather than the business environment. Happy seeks to stifle Biffs true voice:Happy: Bob Harrison said you were tops, and then you go and do some damn fool thing like whistling whole sounds i n the elevator like a comedian.Biff (against Happy): So what? I like to whistle sometimes.Happy: You dont raise a guy to a responsible job who whistles in elevators! (60)Happy holds many of the similar values that his father does, as he believes that success and acceptance are the roots to happiness. He attempts to explain to Biff that to succeed, and thus gain happiness, he must not forfeit his desires. This corresponds to Willys estrangement from nature to gain successfulness.Later in Act 2 the whistling theme reverberates again as Howard Wagner plays Willy a recording of himself whistling Roll out the Barrel just before Willy asks for an advance and a New York job (1198). Willys uneasiness with the recorder that plays the whistling reiterates the concept of Willys estrangement and more importantly his blindness to the truth. Being that Howard is a very prosperous man and is the person whistling on the recorder, disproves Willy and Happys idea that whistling is disapproved by business authorities. In a sense, Howard is showing Willy that happiness does not lie in ones success but rather with his connection with nature and finding himself.Willys conflicting desires to work in sales and to do outdoor, independent work are complicated by another longing, that of sexual desire, which is expressed through the raw, sensuous music that accompanies The Womans appearances on stage (1179, 1215). It is this music of sexual desire that insinuates itself in Act 2. It is also heard just before Willy, reliving a past conversation, offers this ironic warning to Biff, Just wanna be careful with those girls, Biff, thats all. Dont make any promises. No promises of any kind (1174).This raw theme of sexual desire contrasts with Linda Lomans musical motif. She is characterized by a maternal hum of a soft lullaby. This comforting music becomes a desperate but monotonous hum at the end of Act I (1195). Lindas monotonous drone, in turn, contrasts with the gray and bright music, the boys theme, which opens Act II. This theme is associated with the great times (1195) that Willy remembers with his sons before his adultery is discovered. Like the high, rollicking theme of Willys father and like Bens idyllic melody, this gay and bright music is ultimately associated with the false dream of materialistic success. The boys theme is first heard when Willy tells Ben that he and the boys will get rich in Brooklyn (1185). It sounds again when Willy implores Ben, How do we get back to all the great times? (1218).In his final moments of life, Willy Loman is shown struggling with his furies, sounds, faces, voices, seem to be swarming in upon him (1229). Suddenly, however, the faint and high music enters, representing the false dreams of all the low men. This false tune ends Willys struggle with his competing voices. It drowns out the other voices, rising in intensity almost to an unbearable scream as Willy rushes off in his car. As the car rushes off, th e music crashes down in a frenzy of sound. The clamorous music softens as it becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello representing death and the end of Willy Lomans struggle for success. The play ends in the form of the flutes small and fine refrain. It persists despite the tragedy we have witnessed insinuating that nature and following ones true self is the foundation of happiness.From page to stage, Arthur Miller meticulously structures Death of a Salesman upon a cluster of regressive musical images, images that correspond directly to Willy Lomans fall. Without paying much attention the music in the play help the audience experience the mood that each character adds. Upon further examination, the sounds contribute to the musical motifs that underlie and support the overall theme that Miller is addressing. From the conflicting nature of the flute to the controversy of whistling, Miller magically addresses the disillusionment of the American dream through Willy Loman.Barne t, Berman, Burto, and William E. Cain. Death of a Salesman. An Introduction to Literature. New York: 1997.Williams, Tennessee. Production Notes of Plays, The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, vol. I. New York: New Directions, 1971.

Napoleon And The French Revolution - 1023 Words

Haley Gilmore Reese HI 102 B 20 April 2015 Napoleon and the French Revolution From 1789 to 1799, France saw its bloodiest and most violent time in its history. The people of France were fed up with the living conditions of their society and the requirements that their government continued to pile onto them. An unsatisfied society, more often than not, will lead a revolt of some kind, at some point. This period in history saw rise to power the infamous Napoleon Bonaparte, with his many trials and tribulations. Napoleon Bonaparte and his controlling and overpowering tactics both advanced the ideals of the French Revolution. Many events occurred in this time that forever altered the very fabric of French existence. In May of 1789,†¦show more content†¦They made a tennis court on the grounds their meeting place. On the grounds, they pledged what is today called, ironically, the Tennis Court oath, a promise to one another and the people of France that they would not leave until they had written a new constitution. T his new constitution was instituted in 1795 and caused nothing but problems. The government was overrun with corruption and deceit, something that Napoleon Bonaparte saw and wanted to change when he threw the people in charge out of power. The new society that he created was, â€Å"based on the belief in the common identity of French citizens whatever their social or geographic origin.†(McPhee, 64) This went along very well with the changing ideals of the time. The overthrow set into motion a series of changes in this time period that forever changed the dynamic of French society. France was a difficult place to live if you were member of the lower class in this century. It is a lot easier to focus on the political and ideological events that were occurring. The people of France at this time were being severely over taxed, and were well aware of the unfairness of this. On top of this excessive taxation, the French public was saddled with dealing with low wages and high food prices. All of these factors and more were recipe for discontent. Peasants around the country began rioting. Paris saw some of the worst of this, with the violence felt all around the city. The Parisian

The Impact Of Political Change On Russia - 1277 Words

How significant was war in bringing about political change in Russia in the year 1856-1964? War had a huge political impact on Russia from 1856 to 1964, but it was not the only factor that brought about political change. Political change was influenced by many aspects. A big part of what brought about political change was the different wars that took place which included; The Crimean war of 1853, The Russo-Japanese war of 1904 and lastly the First World War that began in 1914. These Wars were all significant in motivating political change for Russia from the years 1856 to 1964, but again they cannot be seen as the only factor which had led to a political turning point. Reforming leaders such as Alexander II, Nicholas II, Stalin and Khrushchev all played significantly big roles in also bringing about some political change for Russia. Although events such as War and the acts of leaders did accelerate political change for Russia, we must not forget the impact that Revolutionary movements such as the Murder of Alexander II and the Bolsheviks revolution had. The Crimean war of 1853-1856 was fought at Crimean Peninsula, where Russia was fighting mainly against Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire. The war was known as a long bloody war, as a result of poor organisation, leadership and communication of both Russia and the allies. Russia also known as the ‘Police of Europe’ due to the Vienna Treaty of 1814 was responsible in keeping peace in Europe, but this all changed whenShow MoreRelatedHow accurate is it to say that the growth of reformist groups in the years from 1881 was the main cause of the 1905 revolution794 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples of these were groups such as the Kadets, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. All three of these groups had slightly different aims. 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Aprender Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

The Spanish verb aprender  means to learn. It is a regular -er  verb and follows the same conjugation pattern of other regular -er  verbs, like beber  and barrer.  This article includes the conjugations of aprender  in the present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Using the Verb Aprender The verb aprender  means to learn. For example, you can talk about learning a language —aprender un idioma—,  or about learning to drive —aprender a conducir. However, aprender  can also  mean to learn by heart or to memorize. For example, to learn  a poem by heart is translated as  aprender un poema,  or aprenderse un poema if used reflexively.  Memorizing a phone number is translated as aprenderse un nà ºmero de telà ©fono. Aprender Present Indicative Yo aprendo I learn Yo aprendo a cocinar con un libro de recetas. T aprendes You learn T aprendes nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Usted/l/ella aprende You/he/she learns Ella aprende a manejar a los 16 aos. Nosotros aprendemos We learn Nosotros aprendemos mucho en la escuela. Vosotros aprendis You learn Vosotros aprendis algo nuevo cada da. Ustedes/ellos/ellas aprenden You/they learn Ellos aprenden a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Preterite  Indicative The preterite indicative tense can be translated as the simple past in English. Remember that there is an accent on the preterite conjugations for first person singular (yo)  and third person singular (usted, à ©l, ella). Yo aprend I learned Yo aprend a cocinar con un libro de recetas. T aprendiste You learned T aprendiste nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Usted/l/ella aprendi You/he/she learned Ella aprendi a manejar a los 16 aos. Nosotros aprendimos We learned Nosotros aprendimos mucho en la escuela. Vosotros aprendisteis You learned Vosotros aprendisteis algo nuevo cada da. Ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendieron You/they learned Ellos aprendieron a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect indicative tense is used to talk about ongoing or habitual actions in the past, and it can be translated to English as used to learn or was learning. Yo aprenda I used to learn Yo aprenda a cocinar con un libro de recetas. T aprendas You used to learn T aprendas nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Usted/l/ella aprenda You/he/she used to learn Ella aprenda a manejar a los 16 aos. Nosotros aprendamos We used to learn Nosotros aprendamos mucho en la escuela. Vosotros aprendais You used to learn Vosotros aprendais algo nuevo cada da. Ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendan You/they used to learn Ellos aprendan a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender  Future  Indicative To conjugate the future indicative, start with the infinitive of the verb (aprender) and add the future ending (à ©, à ¡s, à ¡, emos, à ©is, à ¡n). Yo aprender I will learn Yo aprender a cocinar con un libro de recetas. T aprenders You will learn T aprenders nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Usted/l/ella aprender You/he/she will learn Ella aprender a manejar a los 16 aos. Nosotros aprenderemos We will learn Nosotros aprenderemos mucho en la escuela. Vosotros aprenderis You will learn Vosotros aprenderis algo nuevo cada da. Ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendern You/they will learn Ellos aprendern a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a aprender I am going to learn Yo voy a aprender a cocinar con un libro de recetas. T vas a aprender You are going to learn T vas a aprender nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Usted/l/ella va a aprender You/he/she is going to learn Ella va a aprender a manejar a los 16 aos. Nosotros vamos a aprender We are going to learn Nosotros vamos a aprender mucho en la escuela. Vosotros vais a aprender You are going to learn Vosotros vais a aprender algo nuevo cada da. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a aprender You/they are going to learn Ellos van a aprender a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Conditional  Indicative To conjugate the conditional indicative tense, start  with the infinitive of the verb and add the conditional ending (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). Yo aprendera I would learn Yo aprendera a cocinar con un libro de recetas si fuera fcil. T aprenderas You would learn T aprenderas nuevos idiomas fcilmente si tuvieras tiempo de estudiar. Usted/l/ella aprendera You/he/she would learn Ella aprendera a manejar a los 16 aos si alguien le pudiera ensear. Nosotros aprenderamos We would learn Nosotros aprenderamos mucho en la escuela si pusiramos ms atencin. Vosotros aprenderais You would learn Vosotros aprenderais algo nuevo cada da, pero sois muy perezosos. Ustedes/ellos/ellas aprenderan You/they would learn Ellos aprenderan a usar el telfono nuevo, pero es muy complicado. Aprender Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present participle can be used for progressive verb forms such as the present progressive. This verb form can also be used as an adverb. The present participle for  -er  verbs is formed with the ending  -iendo. Present Progressive of  Aprender   està ¡ aprendiendo  She is learning   Ella està ¡ aprendiendo a manejar a los 16 aà ±os. Aprender Past Participle The past participle  can be used to form the passive voice, as an adjective, or for compound verb forms such as the present perfect and the pluperfect. The past participle of  -er  verbs is  formed with the ending  -ido. Present Perfect of  Aprender   ha aprendido  She has learned Ella ha aprendido a manejar a los 16 aà ±os. Aprender Present Subjunctive Que yo aprenda That I learn Mi abuela quiere que yo aprenda a cocinar con un libro de recetas. Que t aprendas That you learn El profesor espera que t aprendas nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Que usted/l/ella aprenda That you/he/she learn Mam quiere que ella aprenda a manejar a los 16 aos. Que nosotros aprendamos That we learn Los maestros quieren que nosotros aprendamos mucho en la escuela. Que vosotros aprendis That you learn Vuestro jefe espera que vosotros aprendis algo nuevo cada da. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendan That you/they learn Carlos espera que ellos aprendan a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive, also known as the past subjunctive, can be conjugated in two different ways. The tables below show both options, which are equally valid. Option 1 Que yo aprendiera That I learned Mi abuela quera que yo aprendiera a cocinar con un libro de recetas. Que t aprendieras That you learned El profesor esperaba que t aprendieras nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Que usted/l/ella aprendiera That you/he/she learned Mam quera que ella aprendiera a manejar a los 16 aos. Que nosotros aprendiramos That we learned Los maestros queran que nosotros aprendiramos mucho en la escuela. Que vosotros aprendierais That you learned Vuestro jefe esperaba que vosotros aprendierais algo nuevo cada da. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendieran That you/they learned Carlos esperaba que ellos aprendieran a usar el telfono nuevo. Option 2 Que yo aprendiese That I learned Mi abuela quera que yo aprendiese a cocinar con un libro de recetas. Que t aprendieses That you learned El profesor esperaba que t aprendieses nuevos idiomas fcilmente. Que usted/l/ella aprendiese That you/he/she learned Mam quera que ella aprendiese a manejar a los 16 aos. Que nosotros aprendisemos That we learned Los maestros queran que nosotros aprendisemos mucho en la escuela. Que vosotros aprendieseis That you learned Vuestro jefe esperaba que vosotros aprendieseis algo nuevo cada da. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendiesen That you/they learned Carlos esperaba que ellos aprendiesen a usar el telfono nuevo. Aprender Imperative   There are both positive and negative imperative forms, which are used to give orders or commands. The tables below show both sets of commands.   Positive Commands T aprende Learn! Aprende nuevos idiomas! Usted aprenda Learn! Aprenda a manejar a los 16 aos! Nosotros aprendamos Lets learn! Aprendamos mucho en la escuela! Vosotros aprended Learn! Aprended algo nuevo cada da! Ustedes aprendan Learn! Aprendan a usar el telfono nuevo! Negative Commands T no aprendas Dont learn! No aprendas nuevos idiomas! Usted no aprenda Dont learn! No aprenda a manejar a los 16 aos! Nosotros no aprendamos Lets not learn! No aprendamos mucho en la escuela! Vosotros no aprendis Dont learn! No aprendis algo nuevo cada da! Ustedes no aprendan Dont learn! No aprendan a usar el telfono nuevo!

How Technology Can Cure Disease - 2032 Words

As nature deteriorates on several fronts, ranging from ozone depletion to water contamination, scientists and politicians grow more desperate to stall and ultimately reverse the damage to the environment. Technology quickly comes to mind as the most viable solution, having been responsible for great strides in fields such as computer science and medicine. Humanity is fascinated by the question, â€Å"if technology can cure disease, why not use it to regulate the environment?† Questions like this gave way to â€Å"techno-optimism,† the belief that technology can solve all the problems of today and tomorrow. However, techno-optimism is a flawed philosophy that mistakes technology for an environmental cure-all. While the pursuit of ecological sustainability requires the use technology, techno-optimism grossly exaggerates the power of this relationship. It is imperative that techno-optimism be dispelled and replaced with a new, more realistic ideology. Far superior is the n otion of techno-realism, which seeks to find the most efficient, most realistic solutions possible while considering all limiting factors of a particular context. However, at this time, it is more important to promote techno-realism as a philosophy than to describe specific techno-realistic solutions to environmental and social concerns. Embracing techno-realism is the first step in understanding that technology, while necessary to protect the environment, is not a panacea in its own right. The fundamental differenceShow MoreRelatedStem Cells And Its Effects On Society909 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells are  unspecialized  cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under  proper  conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types.  (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A.  Urry, 2011.) 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For centuries now, animal testing has helped scientist develop new cures for diseases, health conditions and even the development of new technology. Animal testing has been beneficially for human beings. Believe it or not, you or someone you know might have used some medications that have been previous ly tested on animals. Like every decision you make in life

The Role Of Journalists On The Media - 3097 Words

Imagine a world in which you did not have access to any news – the only thing you consider current events is what you yourself see and what you hear from others. Obviously, this world would be very problematic. We all rely on the news media to connect us to the entire world, which is why the role of journalists is essential. Journalists have the very important duty of reporting on current events accurately and objectively. Along with written text, pictures also tell a story, which presents a continuous ethical issue for many journalists. Although newspapers and magazines routinely publish photos, there are many ethical values that journalists must consider before publishing those photos, such as the impact a photo or video could have†¦show more content†¦There are typically three types of news stories journalists look for: natural events or disasters, a person, group, or organization completing some newsworthy act, and when journalists themselves develop their ow n story through beat reporting (â€Å"News†). Once these stories have been found, it is imperative that journalists report on these events both accurately and objectively. This balance is imperative for journalists to maintain because according to Greenberg and Wheelwright, â€Å"a key aspect of journalistic ethics is the management of readers’ expectations† (514). Although the field as a whole has been transforming due to the online news media, considering what is newsworthy for the general public has always been a main concern for journalists. As a result of this transformation, trust in the news media has drastically decreased over the past several years for a variety of reasons, which is why a revival of essential journalistic values, such as honesty and integrity, is needed. Along with using written text to tell a news story, pictures also play an important role in journalism. The popular phrase â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words† is often true in this field. When thinking back on a previous news story, readers will most likely remember the visual portrayal of a news story rather than the written text. According to recent research, â€Å"as

Cloud Computing Strategic Information Systems

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing for Strategic Information Systems. Answer: Introduction and overview of Accounting Software Industry: Australia has numerous companies providing software for accounting. Along with the advancement and development in the technology, the need of softwares has increased with a high speed. The companies of all the sectors like medical, IT, finance, logistics etc any of these industries are in need of accounting softwares which is capable of managing huge data of the companies and securely handling them (Zimmerman et al. 2011). Accounting softwares are needed by each of the companies, small or large for managing its inventory, stocks and other financial records. The accounts of any organization are the important assets of the comapny6 which needs to get maintained in a secure and systematic way through which the data and information contained it can be easily accessible. These data provides the past, current and future predictions and data about the company and thus are very necessary to maintain. Thus due to a high significance of accounts management the accounting softwares have emerged as a huge development (Taylor, 2010). Functions and importance of the Accounting softwares The accounting softwares have numerous functionalities along with managing the account information of the organization. The accounting softwares available currently have immense features which can be utilized in order to get systematic management software for the organization. Here are several features the accounting softwares have (Michelberger et al. 2012). Account and register handling The accounts of the company are the most important assets of any organization. The more systematic and clear the accounts are, the more likely the company is to achieve desired monetary success. The proper storage of the data and easy accessibility is provided by efficient accounting software (Taylor, 2010). The details regarding the companys products are stored in the accounts thus security is also a very important aspect of the accounting softwares. The information like the unit production the company does, the orders etc information is stored in the accounts of the company. Thus the account management is the most significant part of the accounting softwares (Gara, 2010). Invoice Management: Invoice management is a very integral part of the accounting software where the bills of each department and products are made under this system. The invoice management consists of the invoices of the purchases and sales of the company and the expenditures made by the company on several products and materials (Gara, 2010). Salary management The salary management is a so an integral and important part of the company. The salary management has the keeps the record of the salary and wages of all the employees of the company. The payroll keeps a track of the regular wages, the incentives, compensation etc payments that are to be done to the employees. If this system is not managed properly, there can be severe issues in the financial records of the company. The accounting softwares are delivered with an inbuilt salary management system where the records regarding the employee wages can be maintained with the accounts, sales and purchases of the company (Nacionalni, 2010). History of Australian accounting softwares Accounting serves a huge importance in any sector. The companies require an accounting system to balance the finance and budget of the expenditures. Also for the profit calculations and future predictions, the account has to be managed. In the previous times, the softwares wee not available and the accounts were managed in the account registers. But with the development of computers, the accounting softwares emerged. The first software for accounting was developed in 1995 by a private electronic firm (Gara, 2010). This first accounting software did run on the huge personal computers which were large and took a lot of time in loading and performing transactions. The accounting softwares were not performing a desired speed and needed to be changed. Along with the technical advancements several new companies attempted to develop new accounting softwares which were speedy and easy to manage (Nacionalni, 2010). The computers were getting developed and the new concept of programming langua ges emerged and the softwares were developed using these programming languages. The IBM was the first company to develop programming language and to develop softwares for accenting and several other usages. The concept of relational database was introduced in which the data was stored in form of variables. The data was easily structured and manageable in these softwares. The concept of SAP is very famous in todays account management softwares. The SAP system made it immensely easy for the companies to store data. The GUI and accessibility of the softwares crossed the limit of all the previous softwares which were available in the market and marked its presence significantly in the software industry. After the development of these softwares, Microsoft came up with the concept of excel sheets. Though the excel sheets had numerous problems and were not completely considered as the accounting software, the changes in the software and new additional features has now made it a very useful and important software. The mathematical formulas and calculations of this software are considerable and very useful in companies for managing accounts and information. The accounting softwares were considered to be very simple in looks and complex in operability. This was an important issue to be solved. Teleware Inc came up with such a kind of software with immensely si mple GUI and even simpler usability (Grance et al. 2005). Compared to the traditional markets, the accounting software industry in todays era is quite developed and furnished with amazing features and usability. There are softwares like Tally which are very useful in managing the accounts of the companies and also provide immense facilities along with the account management (Nacionalni, 2010). Current Market Leaders and market Share: The Australian software market for accounting is occupied by several major players who have an adopted the most of the market share of the industry (Hoopes, 2012). The companies which hold a large share of the Australian market are New Zealand based and other companies which started as small firms and emerged as huge companies providing accounting softwares with amazing features to the customers. The market of the Country is covered by three major companies Xero, MYOB and Intuit. These three companies hold a much share of the software distribution and development in the accounting sector. These three companies rigorously compete with each other to come up with new technologies and advancements in the accounting softwares (Kun Ma et al. 2012). Xero is a huge company which holds 65% of the market share in Australia for accounting softwares. Intuit grabs a share of 20% market and the rest market is occupied by other companies like MYOB, Sage etc (Hall, 2014). Xero has developed huge market share having around 400,000 customers worldwide and huge transaction ratio. Compared to the other companies, MYOB has a high turnover and profit ratio which is $27 billion. The companies have now adopted cloud based services to provide the customers with more flexible and useful softwares (Krutz and Vines, 2010). Competitive Advantage: The three companies competing for attaining a high market share in Australia come up with various new features and facilities which benefit both, the company itself and the customers of the company. These three companies get benefited due to the strong competition developed to sustain in the market. If the company does not develop new strategies and do not take risks and experiment with new advanced technologies, the other companies will compete and would grab a huge market share. Thus the companies are in the constant race to analyze the needs of the customers and develop the products needed by the customers (Romney and Steinbart, 2009). The customer is highly benefited due to this competition as, their needs are analysed by many companies and in order to sustain the competition, the needs are fulfilled very quickly. On the other hand, the companies compete to develop the features required by the customers in a rapid manner (Milosavljevi and Grubor, 2010). The companies hire professionals and use the resources to develop unique and innovative product. Thus the benefit of the competitive advantage is quite high among the companies. Challenges and Issues: The companies are nowadays looking forward to develop cloud based services which would provide the companies with a huge platform to store and access data. The cloud based computing id quite beneficial in which the companies can provide immense services through which the companies would be able to access their data from anywhere and could also be able to store immense data in a very simple manner. This system however comes with some disadvantages too. This system has a huge security concern as it uses internet for easy access. The data can be easily hacked by the hackers if the passwords are not properly set and are easy to hack. The security is a very important aspect to be considered as if the data of huge companies get hacked; it may lead to several adverse conditions (Milosavljevi et al. 2011). Recommendations: The companies use various softwares for the accounting. The companies must not get confused regarding the numerous ranges of softwares available in the market. The companies must identify the requirement of the accounting software it needs. According to the needs, the software must be chosen. Also the companies must select the softwares which provide high data security, data integrity, data backup facilities, data storage and other facilities. Use of accounting softwares is very important in companies but also the requirement analysis must be given importance while selecting accounting software (MMSC, 2011). References: Grance, T., Chevalier, S., Kent. K. and Dang, H.,(2005). Guide to Computer and Network Data Analysis: Applying Forensic Techniques to Incident Response, NIST Special Publication 800-86, 2005 Hall, J. A. (2014) Accounting Information Systems, 9th edition, South-western Cengage Learning. Hoopes, J.,(2012). Virtualization for Security, Syngress, ISBN: 1597493058, 2012 Krutz, R. L. and Vines, R. D.,(2010). Cloud Security: A Comprehensive Guide to Secure Cloud Computing, Wiley Publishing, https://23510310jarinfo.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/ebooksclub-org_cloud_ security_a_comprehensive_guide_to_secure_cloud_computing.pdf, 2010 Kun Ma, Bo Yang and Ajith Abraham,(2012). A Template-based Model Transformation Approach for Deriving Multi Tenant, Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2012 Milosavljevi, M. and Grubor, G.,(2010). Digitalna forenzika ra unarskog sistema, Univerzitet Singidunum, 2010 Milosavljevi, M., Grubor, G.,(2011). Istraga kompjuterskog kriminala, Univerzitet Singidunum, 2011 MMSC(2011). Morrison Maierle Systems Corp., Norman ASA, 2011 Nacionalni CERT (2010), Cloud computing, NCERT-PUBDOC-2010-03-293, www.cert.hr, 2010 O Gara, M.,(2010). Virtual srawl, Virtualization Magazine, irtualization.ulitzer.com, 2010 Pl Michelberger Jr., Csaba Lbodi,(2012). After Information Security Before a Paradigm Change (A Complex Enterprise Security Model), Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, Journal of Applied Sciences, Volume 9, Issue Nr. 4, 2012 Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J. (2009) Accounting Information Systems, 11th edition, Prentice Hall. Taylor, P.,(2010). Proactive Forensics in the Workplace, Litigation and Forensics, Data Recovery Services, Inc. www.legalforensics.com, 2010 Zimmerman, S., Glavach, D.,(2011). Cyber Forensics in the Cloud, The Newsletter for Information Assurance Technology Professionals, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4-7, 2011